十面埋伏 (Ambushed, Pipa, 琵琶曲, Shi Mian Mai Fu) is a best-known piece for the pipa based on historic events, and is one of the top 10 Chinese classical music masterpieces.
The earliest extant tablature can be found in Hua Qiuping’s pipa score dated 1818, but the origin and composer remain unknown. It is clear that, the music had been popular before or during Tang Dynasty (618-907) at least, according to the famous poem of The Song of Pipa by Bai Juyi (772-846).
The story behind this music is the key battle of the epic war of Chu vs Han in 202 BC.
Xiang Yu, the King of Chu, was ambushed by his rival Liu Bang, the king of Han (later became the Founding Emperor of Han Dynasty, 206BC – 220AD), and had to kill himself. Although defeated, Xiang Yu has been admired by many Chinese warriors, due to his fearless spirit and calmness under extremely disadvantageous situations.
The music brings you back to the battlefield and lets you experience the whole process of the battle.
The music consists of 13 sections or 3 parts. Part I is on preparing the war; part II on the fighting and the last part is on the loss of Chu and Xiang Yu’s suicide.
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Length : 7’12”
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十面埋伏 (Ambushed,Pipa,琵琶曲,Shi Mian Mai Fu)赏析
《十面埋伏》是一首历史题材的大型琵琶曲，它是中国十大古曲之一。关于乐曲的创作年代迄今无一定论。资料追溯可至唐代，在白居易（772—846）写过的著名长诗《琵琶行》中，可探知作者白居易曾听过有关表现激烈战斗场景的琵琶音乐。
《十面埋伏》流传甚广，是传统琵琶曲之一，又名《淮阴平楚》。本曲现存乐谱最早见于1818年华秋萍编的《琵琶行》。乐曲描写公元前202年楚汉战争垓下决战的情景。汉军用十面埋伏的阵法击败楚军，项羽自刎于乌江，刘邦取得胜利。明末清初，《四照堂集》的“汤琵琶传”中，曾记载了琵琶演奏家汤应曾演奏《楚汉》一曲时的情景：“当其两军决战时，声动天地，屋瓦若飞坠。徐而察之，有金鼓声、剑弩声、人马声……使闻者始而奋，继而恐，涕泣无从也。其感人如此。”
《十面埋伏》全曲分十三个段落，可归三部分：
第一部分：
- “列营”全曲序引，表现出征前的金鼓战号齐鸣，众人呐喊的激励场面。音乐由散渐快，调式的复合性及其交替转换，更使音乐增加不稳定性。
- “吹打”。
- “点将”主题呈式，用接连不断的长轮指手法（但轮一句轮一拂轮）和“扣、抹、弹、抹”组合指法，表现将士威武的气派。
- “排阵”。
- “走队”音乐与前有一定的对比，用“遮、分”和“遮、划”手法进一步展现军队勇武矫健的雄姿。
第二部分：
- “埋伏”表现决战前夕夜晚，汉军在垓下伏兵，气象宁静而又紧张，为下面两段作铺垫。
- “鸡鸣山小战”楚汉两军短兵相接,刀枪相击,气息急促,音乐初步展开。
- “九里山大战”描绘两军激战的生死搏杀场面。马蹄声、刀戈相击声、呐喊声交织起伏，震撼人心。先用“划、排、弹、排”交替弹法，后用拼双弦、推拉等技法，将音乐推向高潮。
第三部分：
- “项王败阵”
- “乌江自刎”先是节奏零落的同音反复和节奏紧密的马蹄声交替，表现了突围落荒而走的项王和汉军紧追不舍的场面；然后是一段悲壮的旋律，表现项羽自刎；最后四弦一“划”后急“伏”（又称“煞住”），音乐嘎然而止。
原曲还有：
- “众串凯”
- “诸将争功”
- “得胜回营”
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